Female Hormones: What Are They and What Functions Do They Serve?

What Functions Does Oestrogen Have? 

Oestrogen plays an important role in how we feel, both physically and mentally. Some of the main functions of oestrogen include: 

• Regulating libido  

• Production of serotonin, the happiness hormone 

• Protecting cells against toxic substances 

• Memory and concentration 

• Production of collagen 

• Healthy joints and muscles 

• Regulating body temperature 

• Preventing diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity 

A deficiency or excess of oestrogen (oestrogen dominance) can cause unpleasant symptoms such as reduced libido, mood swings, weight gain, hair loss, and sleep problems. 

What Types of Oestrogen Are There? 

Oestrogen can be classified into three forms: 

• Oestrone: this is the oestrogenic hormone that is least prevalent during the fertile years. After menopause (the last menstruation before you are no longer fertile), this hormone is more prevalent compared to other oestrogenic hormones. Oestrone is produced by the follicles during their growth phase. A follicle is a small fluid-filled structure in the ovary that contains an egg and is involved in the menstrual cycle. 

• Oestradiol: oestradiol is the most prevalent oestrogen hormone. Oestradiol plays a role in fertility and reproduction, but also determines bone density. A deficiency in oestradiol affects ovulation, resulting in a deficiency of luteinising hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).  

• Oestriol: oestriol is mainly present during pregnancy. It is produced in the ovaries from a steroid. A steroid is a substance that naturally occurs in the human body and is involved in growth, metabolism, and inflammatory responses. 

Progesterone: Essential for Pregnancy and the Menstrual Cycle  

Progesterone is a form of the hormone progestogen and is primarily produced in the ovaries after ovulation, and in the placenta. Progesterone plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and regulating pregnancy after conception. Additionally, progesterone is involved in regulating the menstrual cycle. 

What Functions Does Progesterone Have? 

Progesterone is involved in: 

• The menstrual cycle: the release of progesterone begins after ovulation. Progesterone ensures that the uterine lining remains thick and well-supplied with blood, allowing a fertilised egg to implant. If fertilisation does not occur, progesterone levels drop, and menstruation begins.  

•  Pregnancy: progesterone is important for a healthy pregnancy. It ensures that a fertilised egg can implant and develop. During pregnancy, progesterone levels remain high to relax the uterus and prevent it from contracting prematurely. > why is this significant? 

• Breast development: during puberty and pregnancy, progesterone is involved in the development of mammary glands. 

• Mood and emotional wellbeing: progesterone has a calming and relaxing effect. Some women experience an improved mood during the menstrual phase.  

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulator of Female Fertility 

The follicle-stimulating hormone is produced in the pituitary gland, a gland in the brain. FSH plays an important role in regulating reproduction and sex hormones. 

What Function Does the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Have?